食用(yong)(yong)菌品(pin)種多(duo)樣(yang)，特性各(ge)異。只(zhi)有經(jing)過栽培管理，生(sheng)產出(chu)(chu)各(ge)種食用(yong)(yong)菌產品(pin)，才(cai)能顯示出(chu)(chu)它們的食用(yong)(yong)價(jia)(jia)值，藥用(yong)(yong)價(jia)(jia)值和(he)經(jing)濟價(jia)(jia)值，供人們享用(yong)(yong)，因此(ci)，食用(yong)(yong)菌栽培具(ju)有重(zhong)要的意(yi)義。
食用(yong)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)依其生長習性可分為(wei)木(mu)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)型(xing)和(he)草(cao)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)型(xing)。木(mu)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)型(xing)食用(yong)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)是以(yi)(yi)木(mu)質材料為(wei)主要原(yuan)料，分解木(mu)質素能力較(jiao)強的(de)一(yi)(yi)類(lei)食用(yong)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)，如(ru)香菇、側耳、黑木(mu)耳和(he)金針菇等(deng)(deng)。木(mu)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)型(xing)食用(yong)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)栽培方(fang)式分為(wei)段木(mu)栽培和(he)代料栽培。草(cao)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)型(xing)食用(yong)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)是以(yi)(yi)秸桿類(lei)物質為(wei)主要栽培原(yuan)料，分解纖維素能力較(jiao)強的(de)一(yi)(yi)類(lei)食用(yong)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)，如(ru)雙孢蘑菇、草(cao)菇、雞腿菇和(he)竹(zhu)蓀(sun)等(deng)(deng)。
所(suo)謂“代(dai)料”，是指(zhi)代(dai)替段(duan)木栽(zai)(zai)培木腐型食(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)菌(jun)的各種有(you)機(ji)物(wu)。代(dai)料栽(zai)(zai)培食(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)菌(jun)，不(bu)僅(jin)可以保護林木，而(er)且具有(you)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)周(zhou)期短、生(sheng)物(wu)學(xue)效(xiao)率(lv)高、便于工廠(chang)(chang)化生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)等(deng)優點。生(sheng)物(wu)學(xue)效(xiao)率(lv)是指(zhi)食(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)菌(jun)鮮重(zhong)與所(suo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的培養料干(gan)重(zhong)之比，常用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)百分數表示。如(ru)100kg干(gan)培養料生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)了(le)80kg新鮮食(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)菌(jun)，則這(zhe)種食(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)菌(jun)的生(sheng)物(wu)學(xue)效(xiao)率(lv)為80%，生(sheng)物(wu)學(xue)效(xiao)率(lv)也(ye)稱(cheng)為轉化率(lv)。利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)農(nong)林業(ye)的秸(jie)(jie)桿(gan)、枝杈(cha)及釀(niang)造工業(ye)的副產(chan)(chan)品栽(zai)(zai)培食(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)菌(jun)，還(huan)可以消(xiao)除環境(jing)污(wu)染(ran)，所(suo)以，食(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)菌(jun)廠(chang)(chang)家說食(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)菌(jun)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)是一個“一箭三(san)雕(diao)”的產(chan)(chan)業(ye)。第(di)(di)一只(zhi)(zhi)雕(diao)是食(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)菌(jun)產(chan)(chan)品；第(di)(di)二(er)只(zhi)(zhi)雕(diao)是減少了(le)秸(jie)(jie)桿(gan)的剩余量，降低(di)了(le)焚(fen)燒秸(jie)(jie)桿(gan)對環境(jing)的污(wu)染(ran)；第(di)(di)三(san)只(zhi)(zhi)雕(diao)是生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)了(le)大(da)量的有(you)機(ji)肥，促進了(le)有(you)機(ji)農(nong)業(ye)的發(fa)展。